What is a CorDapp?

CorDapps (Corda Distributed Applications) are distributed applications that run on the Corda platform. The goal of a CorDapp is to allow nodes to reach agreement on updates to the ledger. They achieve this goal by defining flows that Corda node owners can invoke over RPC:

CorDapp components

CorDapps take the form of a set of JAR files containing class definitions written in Java and/or Kotlin.

These class definitions will commonly include the following elements:

• Flows: Define a routine for the node to run, usually to update the ledger (see Key Concepts - Flows). They subclass FlowLogic
• States: Define the facts over which agreement is reached (see Key Concepts - States). They implement the ContractState interface
• Contracts, defining what constitutes a valid ledger update (see Key Concepts - Contracts). They implement the Contract interface
• Services, providing long-lived utilities within the node. They subclass SingletonSerializationToken
• Serialization whitelists, restricting what types your node will receive off the wire. They implement the SerializationWhitelist interface

But the CorDapp JAR can also include other class definitions. These may include:

• APIs
• Utility classes

An example

Suppose a node owner wants their node to be able to trade bonds. They may choose to install a Bond Trading CorDapp with the following components:

• A BondState, used to represent bonds as shared facts on the ledger

• A BondContract, used to govern which ledger updates involving BondState states are valid

• Three flows:

  • An IssueBondFlow, allowing new BondState states to be issued onto the ledger
  • A TradeBondFlow, allowing existing BondState states to be bought and sold on the ledger
  • An ExitBondFlow, allowing existing BondState states to be exited from the ledger

After installing this CorDapp, the node owner will be able to use the flows defined by the CorDapp to agree ledger updates related to issuance, sale, purchase and exit of bonds.

Writing and building apps that run on both Corda Open Source Edition and Corda Enterprise

Corda and Corda Enterprise are moving towards an Open Core approach, which means in practice that the APIs and dependencies for CorDapps should all be open source, and all CorDapps (whether targeting Corda Open Source Edition or Corda Enterprise) can now be compiled against the Open Source Corda core library, as Corda Enterprise itself is compiled against the Corda Open Source Edition core library. To make this work in practice you should follow these steps:

• Ensure your CorDapp is designed per Structuring a CorDapp and annotated according to CorDapp separation. In particular, it is critical to separate the consensus-critical parts of your application (contracts, states and their dependencies) from the rest of the business logic (flows, APIs, etc). The former - the CorDapp kernel - is the Jar that will be attached to transactions creating/consuming your states and is the Jar that any node on the network verifying the transaction must execute.

• Compile this CorDapp kernel Jar once, and then depend on it from your workflows Jar. In terms of Corda depdendencies,this should only depend on the corda-core package from the Corda Open Source Edition distribution.

• Your workflow Jar(s) should depend on the CorDapp kernel (contract, states and dependencies). Importantly, you can create different workflow Jars for Corda and Corda Enterprise, because the workflows Jar is not consensus critical. For example, you may wish to add additional features to your CorDapp for when it is run on Corda Enterprise (perhaps it uses advanced features of one of the supported enterprise databases or includes advanced database migration scripts, or some other Enterprise-only feature).When building a CorDapp against Corda Enterprise, please note that the corda-core library still needs to come from the Corda Open Source Edition distribution, so you will have dependencies on Corda Enterprise and a matching open core distribution. Specifically, any CorDapp targeted to run on Corda Enterprise should have unit and integration tests using Corda Enterprise.

In summary, structure your app as kernel (contracts, states, dependencies) and workflow (the rest) and be sure to compile the kernel against Corda Open Source Edition. You can compile your workflow (Jars) against the distribution of Corda that they target.