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Interacting with a node

To interact with your node, you need to build an RPC client. This RPC client enables you to connect to a specified server and to make calls to the server that perform various useful tasks. The RPC client must be written in a JVM-compatible language.

Corda supports two types of RPC client:

  • Corda RPC Client, which is used if you want to interact with your node via the CordaRPCOps remote interface.
  • Multi RPC Client, which is used if you want to interact with your node via the CordaRPCOps remote interface, as an alternative to the Corda RPC Client. Compared to the Corda RPC Client, the Multi RPC Client is more flexible with handling connection speed variations when started in HA mode, through the use of the RPCConnectionListener interface.

To interact with your node via HTTP, you need to start up your own webserver that connects to your node using the CordaRPCClient (Kotlin) class. You can find an example of how to do this using the popular Spring Boot server here.

To interact with your node via the CordaRPCOps remote interface, you need to build a client that uses the CordaRPCClient class. The CordaRPCClient class enables you to connect to your node via a message queue protocol and provides a simple RPC interface (the CordaRPCOps remote interface) for interacting with the node. You make calls on a JVM object as normal, and the marshalling back-and-forth is handled for you.

To use the CordaRPCClient class, you must add net.corda:corda-rpc:$corda_release_version as a cordaCompile dependency in your client’s build.gradle file.

The CordaRPCClient class has a start method that takes the node’s RPC address and returns a CordaRPCConnection.

The CordaRPCConnection class has a proxy method that takes an RPC username and password and returns a CordaRPCOps object that you can use to interact with the node.

Here is an example of using CordaRPCClient to connect to a node and log the current time on its internal clock:

import net.corda.client.rpc.CordaRPCClient
import net.corda.core.utilities.NetworkHostAndPort.Companion.parse
import net.corda.core.utilities.loggerFor
import org.slf4j.Logger

class ClientRpcExample {
    companion object {
        val logger: Logger = loggerFor<ClientRpcExample>()
    }

    fun main(args: Array<String>) {
        require(args.size == 3) { "Usage: TemplateClient <node address> <username> <password>" }
        val nodeAddress = parse(args[0])
        val username = args[1]
        val password = args[2]

        val client = CordaRPCClient(nodeAddress)
        val connection = client.start(username, password)
        val cordaRPCOperations = connection.proxy

        logger.info(cordaRPCOperations.currentNodeTime().toString())

        connection.notifyServerAndClose()
    }
}

import net.corda.client.rpc.CordaRPCClient;
import net.corda.client.rpc.CordaRPCConnection;
import net.corda.core.messaging.CordaRPCOps;
import net.corda.core.utilities.NetworkHostAndPort;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

class ClientRpcExample {
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ClientRpcExample.class);

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        if (args.length != 3) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Usage: TemplateClient <node address> <username> <password>");
        }
        final NetworkHostAndPort nodeAddress = NetworkHostAndPort.parse(args[0]);
        String username = args[1];
        String password = args[2];

        final CordaRPCClient client = new CordaRPCClient(nodeAddress);
        final CordaRPCConnection connection = client.start(username, password);
        final CordaRPCOps cordaRPCOperations = connection.getProxy();

        logger.info(cordaRPCOperations.currentNodeTime().toString());

        connection.notifyServerAndClose();
    }
}

For further information on using the RPC API, see Working with the CordaRPCClient API.

To interact with the Corda node via the RPC interface, a node operator must define one or more RPC users. Each user is authenticated with a username and password, and is assigned a set of permissions that control which RPC operations they can perform. To interact with the node via the local shell, permissions are not required. Permissions do, however, have effect if the shell is started via SSH.

To define the users for the Corda RPC Client, add each user to the rpcUsers list in the node’s node.conf file, as shown in the following example:

rpcUsers=[
    {
        username=exampleUser
        password=examplePass
        permissions=[]
    },
    ...
]

By default, RPC users are not permissioned to perform any RPC operations.

To grant an RPC user permission to start a specific flow, use the syntax StartFlow.<fully qualified flow name>, and the listed InvokeRpc permissions, as shown in the following example:

rpcUsers=[
    {
        username=exampleUser
        password=examplePass
        permissions=[
            "InvokeRpc.nodeInfo",
            "InvokeRpc.registeredFlows",
            "InvokeRpc.partiesFromName",
            "InvokeRpc.wellKnownPartyFromX500Name",
            "StartFlow.net.corda.flows.ExampleFlow1",
            "StartFlow.net.corda.flows.ExampleFlow2"
        ]
    },
    ...
]

To grant an RPC user permission to start any flow, use the syntax InvokeRpc.startFlow, InvokeRpc.startTrackedFlowDynamic, and the listed InvokeRpc permissions, as shown in the following example:

rpcUsers=[
    {
        username=exampleUser
        password=examplePass
        permissions=[
            "InvokeRpc.nodeInfo",
            "InvokeRpc.registeredFlows",
            "InvokeRpc.partiesFromName",
            "InvokeRpc.wellKnownPartyFromX500Name",
            "InvokeRpc.startFlow",
            "InvokeRpc.startTrackedFlowDynamic"
        ]
    },
    ...
]

To provide an RPC user with the permission to perform a specific RPC operation, use the syntax InvokeRpc.<rpc method name> permission, as shown in the following example:

rpcUsers=[
    {
        username=exampleUser
        password=examplePass
        permissions=[
            "InvokeRpc.nodeInfo",
            "InvokeRpc.networkMapSnapshot"
        ]
    },
    ...
]

If an RPC user tries to perform an RPC operation that they do not have permission for, they will see an error like this:

User not authorized to perform RPC call public abstract net.corda.core.node.services.Vault$Page net.corda.core.messaging.CordaRPCOps.vaultQueryByWithPagingSpec(java.lang.Class,net.corda.core.node.services.vault.QueryCriteria,net.corda.core.node.services.vault.PageSpecification) with target []

To fix this, you must grant them permissions based on the method name: InvokeRpc.<method name>, where <method name> is the method name of the CordaRPCOps interface.

In this example, the method name is vaultQueryByWithPagingSpec, so InvokeRpc.vaultQueryByWithPagingSpec must be added to the RPC user’s permissions.

To provide an RPC user with the permission to perform any RPC operation (including starting any flow), use the ALL permission, as shown in the following example:

rpcUsers=[
    {
        username=exampleUser
        password=examplePass
        permissions=[
            "ALL"
        ]
    },
    ...
]

An RPC client connected to a node stops functioning when the node becomes unavailable or the associated TCP connection is interrupted. Running RPC commands after this has happened will just throw exceptions. Any subscriptions to observables that have been created before the disconnection will stop receiving events after the connection is re-established.

RPC calls that have a side effect, such as starting flows, may or may not have executed on the node depending on when the client was disconnected.

It is the responsibility of application code to handle these errors and reconnect once the node is running again. The client will have to retrieve new observables and re-subscribe to them in order to keep receiving updates.

With regards to RPCs with side effects (for example, flow invocations), the application code will have to inspect the state of the node to infer whether or not the call was executed on the server side (for example, if the flow was executed or not) before retrying it.

You can make use of the options described below in order to take advantage of some automatic reconnection functionality that mitigates some of these issues.

If you provide a list of addresses via the haAddressPool argument when instantiating a CordaRPCClient, then automatic reconnection will be performed when the existing connection is dropped.

However, the application code is responsible for waiting for the connection to be established again in order to perform any calls, retrieve new observables, and re-subscribe to them.

This can be done by doing any simple RPC call that is free from side effects (for example, nodeInfo).

A more graceful form of reconnection is also available. This will:

  • Reconnect any existing observables after a reconnection, so that they keep emitting events to the existing subscriptions.
  • Block any RPC calls that arrive during a reconnection or any RPC calls that were not acknowledged at the point of reconnection and will execute them after the connection is re-established.
  • By default, continue retrying indefinitely until the connection is re-established. See CordaRPCClientConfiguration.maxReconnectAttempts for details of how to adjust the number of retries.

More specifically, the behaviour in the second case is a bit more subtle:

  • Any RPC calls that do not have any side effects (for example, nodeInfo) will be retried automatically across reconnections. This will work transparently for application code that will not be able to determine whether there was a reconnection. These RPC calls will remain blocked during a reconnection and will return successfully after the connection has been re-established.
  • Any RPC calls that do have side effects, such as the ones invoking flows (for example, startFlow), will not be retried and they will fail with CouldNotStartFlowException. This is done in order to avoid duplicate invocations of a flow, thus providing at-most-once guarantees. Application code is responsible for determining whether the flow needs to be retried and retrying it, if needed.

You can enable this graceful form of reconnection by using the gracefulReconnect parameter, which is an object containing 3 optional fields:

  • onDisconnect: A callback handler that is invoked every time the connection is disconnected.
  • onReconnect: A callback handler that is invoked every time the connection is established again after a disconnection.
  • maxAttempts: The maximum number of attempts that will be performed per RPC operation. A negative value implies infinite retries. The default value is 5.

This can be used in the following way:

val gracefulReconnect = GracefulReconnect(onDisconnect={/*insert disconnect handling*/}, onReconnect{/*insert reconnect handling*/}, maxAttempts = 3)
val cordaClient = CordaRPCClient(nodeRpcAddress)
val cordaRpcOps = cordaClient.start(rpcUserName, rpcUserPassword, gracefulReconnect = gracefulReconnect).proxy

private void onDisconnect() {
    // Insert implementation
}

private void onReconnect() {
    // Insert implementation
}

void method() {
    GracefulReconnect gracefulReconnect = new GracefulReconnect(this::onDisconnect, this::onReconnect, 3);
    CordaRPCClient cordaClient = new CordaRPCClient(nodeRpcAddress);
    CordaRPCConnection cordaRpcOps = cordaClient.start(rpcUserName, rpcUserPassword, gracefulReconnect);
}

As implied above, when graceful reconnection is enabled, flow invocations will not be retried across reconnections to avoid duplicate invocations. This retrying can be done from the application code after checking whether the flow was triggered previously by inspecting whether its side-effects have taken place. The following is a simplified example of what your code might look like:

fun runFlowWithRetries(client: CordaRPCOps) {
    try {
        client.startFlowDynamic(...)
    } catch (exception: CouldNotStartFlowException) {
        if (!wasFlowTriggered()) {
            runFlowWithRetries(client)
        }
    }
}

void runFlowWithRetries(CordaRPCOps client) {
    try {
        client.startFlowDynamic(...);
    } catch (CouldNotStartFlowException exception) {
        if (!wasFlowTriggered()) {
            runFlowWithRetries(client);
        }
    }
}

The logic of the wasFlowTriggered() function is naturally dependent on the flow logic, so it can differ per use case.

The Multi RPC Client in Corda Open Source Edition can be used as an extension of the net.corda.core.messaging.CordaRPCOps remote interface.

To interact with your node via this interface, you need to build a client that uses the MultiRPCClient class.

To use the functionality of the MultiRPCClient class from a custom JVM application, you must include the following dependency:

dependencies {
    compile "net.corda:corda-rpc:$corda_release_version"
    ...
}

The code snippet below demonstrates how to use the MultiRPCClient class to build a Multi RPC Client and define the following:

  • Endpoint address.
  • Interface class to be used for communication (in this example, CordaRPCOps::class.java, which is used to communicate with the net.corda.core.messaging.CordaRPCOps interface).
  • User name.
  • Password.
val client = MultiRPCClient(rpcAddress, CordaRPCOps::class.java, "exampleUser", "examplePass")
client.use {
    val connFuture: CompletableFuture<RPCConnection<CordaRPCOps>> = client.start()
    val conn: RPCConnection<CordaRPCOps> = connFuture.get()
    conn.use {
        assertNotNull(it.proxy.nodeInfo())
    }
}

try(MultiRPCClient client = new MultiRPCClient(rpcAddress, CordaRPCOps.class, "exampleUser", "examplePass")) {
    CompletableFuture<RPCConnection<CordaRPCOps>> connFuture = client.start();
    try(RPCConnection<CordaRPCOps> conn = connFuture.get()) {
        assertNotNull(conn.getProxy().nodeInfo());
    }
}

MultiRPCClient is not started upon its creation, thus enabling you to perform any additional configuration steps that may be required, and to attach RPCConnectionListeners if necessary before starting.

When the start method is called on MultiRPCClient, it performs a remote call to establish an RPC connection with the specified endpoint. The connection is not created instantly. For this reason, the start() method returns Future over RPCConnection for the specified remote interface type.

As some internal resources are allocated to MultiRPCClient, R3 recommends that you call the close() method when the MultiRPCClient is no longer needed. In Kotlin, you would typically employ the use construct for this purpose. In Java, you can use try-with-resource.

RPCConnection is also a Closeable construct, so it is a good idea to call close() on it after use.

You can pass in multiple endpoint addresses when constructing MultiRPCClient. If you do so, MultiRPCClient will operate in fail-over mode and if one of the endpoints becomes unreachable, it will automatically retry the connection using a round-robin policy.

For more information, see the API documentation for MultiRPCClient.

If the reconnection cycle has started, the previously supplied RPCConnection may become interrupted and proxy will throw an RPCException every time the remote method is called.

To be notified when the connection has been re-established or, indeed, to receive notifications throughout the lifecycle of every connection, you can add one or more RPCConnectionListeners to MultiRPCClient. For more information, see the API documentation reference for the RPCConnectionListener) interface.

Many constructors are available for MultiRPCClient. This enables you to specify a variety of other configuration parameters relating to the RPC connection. The parameters for MultiRPCClient are largely similar to the parameters for the CordaRPCClient.

For more information, see MultiRPCClient in the API documentation.

Setting rpcUsers provides a simple way of granting RPC permissions to a fixed set of users, but has some obvious shortcomings. To support use cases aiming for higher security and flexibility, Corda offers additional security features such as:

  • Fetching users’ credentials and permissions from an external data source (for example, from a remote RDBMS), with optional in-memory caching. This allows credentials and permissions to be updated externally without requiring nodes to be restarted.
  • Passwords are stored in hash-encrypted form. This is regarded as a must-have when security is a concern. Corda currently supports a flexible password hash format that conforms to the Modular Crypt Format provided by the Apache Shiro framework.

These features are controlled by a set of options nested in the security field of node.conf.

The following example shows how to configure retrieval of users’ credentials and permissions from a remote database where passwords are stored in hash-encrypted format and how to enable in-memory caching of users’ data:

security = {
    authService = {
        dataSource = {
            type = "DB"
            passwordEncryption = "SHIRO_1_CRYPT"
            connection = {
               jdbcUrl = "<jdbc connection string>"
               username = "<db username>"
               password = "<db user password>"
               driverClassName = "<JDBC driver>"
            }
        }
        options = {
             cache = {
                expireAfterSecs = 120
                maxEntries = 10000
             }
        }
    }
}

It is also possible to have a static list of users embedded in the security structure by specifying a dataSource of INMEMORY type:

security = {
    authService = {
        dataSource = {
            type = "INMEMORY"
            users = [
                {
                    username = "<username>"
                    password = "<password>"
                    permissions = ["<permission 1>", "<permission 2>", ...]
                },
                ...
            ]
        }
    }
}

The dataSource structure defines the data provider supplying credentials and permissions for users. There exist two supported types of such data source, identified by the dataSource.type field:

  • INMEMORY: A static list of user credentials and permissions specified by the users field.

  • DB: An external RDBMS accessed via the JDBC connection described by connection. Note that, unlike the INMEMORY case, in a user database, permissions are assigned to roles rather than individual users. The current implementation expects the database to store data according to the following schema:

    • Table users containing columns username and password. The username column must have unique values.
    • Table user_roles containing columns username and role_name associating a user to a set of roles.
    • Table roles_permissions containing columns role_name and permission associating a role with a set of permission strings.

Storing passwords in plain text should only be done in low-security situations, such as testing on a private network. Passwords are assumed to be in plain format by default, unless a different format is specified by the passwordEncryption field, as shown in the following example:

passwordEncryption = SHIRO_1_CRYPT

SHIRO_1_CRYPT identifies the Apache Shiro fully reversible Modular Crypt Format. This is currently the only non-plain password hash-encryption format supported. Hash-encrypted passwords in this format can be produced by using the Apache Shiro Hasher command line tool.

A cache layer on top of the external data source of users’ credentials and permissions can significantly improve performance in some cases, with the disadvantage of causing a (controllable) delay in picking up updates to the underlying data. Caching is disabled by default. It can be enabled by defining the options.cache field in security.authService, as shown in the following example:

options = {
     cache = {
        expireAfterSecs = 120
        maxEntries = 10000
     }
}

This enables a non-persistent cache to be created in the node’s memory with a maximum number of entries set to maxEntries and where entries are expired and refreshed after expireAfterSecs seconds.

The RPC system handles observables in a special way. When a method returns an observable, whether directly or as a sub-object of the response object graph, an observable is created on the client to match the one on the server. Objects emitted by the server-side observable are pushed onto a queue which is then drained by the client. The returned observable may even emit object graphs with even more observables in them, and it all works as you would expect.

This feature comes with a cost: the server must queue up objects emitted by the server-side observable until you download them. Note that the server-side observation buffer is bounded; once it fills up, the client is considered slow and will be disconnected. You are expected to subscribe to all the observables returned, otherwise client-side memory starts filling up as observations come in. If you do not want an observable, then subscribe then unsubscribe immediately to clear the client-side buffers and to stop the server from streaming. For Kotlin users, there is a convenience extension method called notUsed() which can be called on an observable to automate this step.

If your app quits, then server-side resources will be freed automatically.

A method can also return a CordaFuture in its object graph and it will be treated in a similar manner to observables. Calling the cancel method on the future will unsubscribe it from any future value and release any resources.

The client RPC protocol is versioned using the node’s platform version number (see Versioning). When a proxy is created, the server is queried for its version, and you can specify your minimum requirement. Methods added in later versions are tagged with the @RPCSinceVersion annotation. If you try to use a method that the server isn’t advertising support for, an UnsupportedOperationException is thrown. If you want to know the version of the server, just use the protocolVersion property in Kotlin or getProtocolVersion in Java.

The RPC client library defaults to requiring the platform version it was built with. That means if you use the client library released as part of Corda N, then the node it connects to must be of version N or above. This is checked when the client first connects. If you want to override this behaviour, you can alter the minimumServerProtocolVersion field in the CordaRPCClientConfiguration object passed to the client. Alternatively, just link your app against an older version of the library.

A proxy is thread safe, blocking, and allows multiple RPCs to be in flight at once. Any observables that are returned and you subscribe to will have objects emitted in order on a background thread pool. Each observable stream is tied to a single thread. However, note that two separate observables may invoke their respective callbacks on different threads.

If something goes wrong with the RPC infrastructure itself, an RPCException is thrown. If something goes wrong that needs a manual intervention to resolve (for example, a configuration error), an UnrecoverableRPCException is thrown. If you call a method that requires a higher version of the protocol than the server supports, UnsupportedOperationException is thrown. Otherwise, the behaviour depends on the devMode node configuration option.

If the server implementation throws an exception, that exception is serialised and re-thrown on the client side as if it were thrown from inside the called RPC method. These exceptions can be caught as normal.

If TLS communications to the RPC endpoint are required, the node must be configured with rpcSettings.useSSL=true (see rpcSettings). The node admin must then create a node-specific RPC certificate and key, by running the node once with the generate-rpc-ssl-settings command specified (see Node command-line options).

The generated RPC TLS trust root certificate is exported to a certificates/export/rpcssltruststore.jks file, which should be distributed to the authorised RPC clients.

The connecting CordaRPCClient code must then use one of the constructors with a parameter of type ClientRpcSslOptions (JavaDoc) and set this constructor argument with the appropriate path for the rpcssltruststore.jks file. The client connection will then use this to validate the RPC server handshake.

Note that RPC TLS does not use mutual authentication, and delegates fine-grained user authentication and authorisation to the RPC security features detailed under Managing RPC security.

CorDapps must whitelist any classes used over RPC with Corda’s serialization framework, unless they are whitelisted by default in DefaultWhitelist. The whitelisting is done either via the plugin architecture or by using the @CordaSerializable annotation (see Object serialization). An example is shown in Working with the CordaRPCClient API.

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